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English language
Confusion over the term “media”
...Re-capping a typical day; I am rudely awoken by a
shrieking radio commercial demanding I take advantage of the
manager’s craaazy insane bargain prices. My vulnerable semi
consciousness already affected by crude advertising before
hand and eye are coordinated to slam the snooze button. The
Saturday Age greets me in a less intrusive, although still
attention-grabbing manner. The bold headlines demand
consideration, striking photos tantalize the imagination and
advertisements entice by sophistication, among other ploys.
T.V Hits hums in the background while I sift through the
paper, now too expansive to be rolled into one single
cylinder. Just a regular Saturday morning and the media
inundation I am embraced with is taken for granted before
even stepping out of the comfort of my pyjamas. How is this
bombardment of media affecting my everyday life?..
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How does language influence the human
brain?
...Wernicke’s aphasia represents a problem with speech
processing. The spoken word is a sound stimulus which enters
our ear and in transferred as an electrical signal through
our nerves until it reaches the primary auditory cortex in
the temporal lobe. This area is close to Wernicke’s area
which contains the “word analyser”. The word analyser
contains the sound patterns of words that is essential in
converting speech into words. If Wernicke’s are is damaged
the sounds cannot be identified as speech and comprehended.
Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe and contains the motor
cortex. Speech is a motor process requiring sophisticated
control over muscles of the throat, lips and mouth. Broca’s
area contains the motor plans for words. When Broca’s is
damaged the plans cannot be activated even though the motor
cortex is intact...
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Gender Issues in Languages
...The chapter “Language and Gender” that I have read
explains how language can be used to discriminate against
individuals and groups on the basis of their sex. This
chapter also provides some helpful information, which
certainly will help us teachers to recognise and avoid
discriminatory practices.
Using non-discriminatory language does not involve the
conscious learning of a new language in order to
communicate; this is due to the fact that people continually
learn new words, expressions and constructions. Language is
dynamic and reflects changes in society and contributes to
such changes. Using non-discriminatory language is, of
course, a part of this dynamic process.
Broadly speaking, in most cases, using non-discriminatory
language means avoiding certain expressions and selecting
others that already exist in the language. Sometimes it may
involve combining existing words into a new compound word.
Only in exceptional cases a completely new word or
expression has to be “created”...
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General analysis of changes in languages
is too vague to be able to identify them
...Geography is a key factor in language change for instance
Proto-Indo-European branched off into different language
groups as the population spread out from its base somewhere
in central Asia and settled in different parts of the world.
The further individuals and even populations travel from the
source of a language, the more likely it is for a new
language to develop that, in time, will differ greatly from
its origins. Study of the Romance languages shows this
clearly; Italian is the language spoken nearest to the roots
of its parent language, Latin, and therefore all aspects of
the language remains the most similar to it. Geographical
isolation can be an important factor in limiting changes in
language as is the case in Iceland and Lithuania.
The incorporation of inherited and borrowed words into a
language can be put down to the proximity of neighbouring
countries and the inevitable contact they have with one
another resulting in mutual influence on their lexicons.
When mathematical advances were made in the Arabic speaking
world, words for crucial terms such as algebra (al-jabr)
simply didn’t exist in the Spanish lexicon, so the term was
simply borrowed...
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Standard English Language and its Dialect Form
...This paper is going to analyse changes that the dialect
English language versus standard language. It will look into
the orthographical differences in both cases with the
specific examples.
The dialect form of certain words changes to- the RP
pronunciation of ‘girl’ or ‘bird’ – so that ‘stairs’ sounds
more like the Standard English pronunciation of ‘stirs’.
Child, line 4 – stairs standard:
dialect:
A similar feature is seen here:
Adult, line 1 – here standard:
dialect:
Here, the space in the mouth used to pronounce the
monophthong differs from the Standard English use. In
Standard English, where ‘stairs’ requires the mouth to be
opened wide and the sound created mid-central (see diagram),
the dialect speakers transfer the sound to the
high-central...
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...Operations management concepts and theories are derived
from the general management theories, like planning,
coordinating, organizing and controlling. The general
management theories are employed to improve the efficiency
of the personnel and that of the organization...
