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Geography
Birth rate in Australia: should it concern
the government?
...It is to note that Australian birth rate is about 1.7
births per women and compared with other well developed
countries it is considered low. Low birth rate has
influences on various areas of people’s life such as
economy, population demographic and overall sustainability
of the society. One of the major implications of birth rate
decline is the development of a negative workplace
dependency ratio. This is the ratio of those in the
workforce to those not in the workforce. A decreasing birth
rate means that the percentage of younger people or those of
workforce age (20 – 64) declines, as the percentage of the
population of non-workforce age (65+) continues to increase
(Barnes, 2001: p.4). This would be a significant change in
Australia in the future as “until now, the decline in youth
and increase in the aged have been in balance…”(Barnes,
2001: p.5) and therefore current policies may not be
designed to suit these kinds of shifts in population, for
example, aged pensions, the healthcare system and
concessions.
Another significant effect of a declining birth rate is a
reduced workforce which can equal decreased productivity for
a nation. “A decrease in the size of the workforce will
reduce the capacity of the economy to maintain rates of
output growth…”(Barnesn 2001: p.14) which in turn puts
pressure on the existing workforce to increase productivity
and performance...
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Have the natural hazards increased in
quantity?
...From a physical viewpoint, global climate change
introduces new physical patterns such as increased erosion
because of deforestation… Then, men have to cope with this
modified environment. Global warning brings about more and
more flooding along coasts and around islands since the sea
level rises (Bangladesh, Pays Bas, Maldives). Then, human
beings have the impression that catastrophes are increasing.
From October 2000 to April 2001, a large part of British
Isles was affected by the most widespread flooding in over
50 years. Moreover, storm frequency has started to increase
in Europe between Christmas and 1999-2000 New Year.
However, John Whittow states, “this is not to say that
natural hazard are proliferating” (p309). It means that
there is not a quantitative increase of hazard occurrences.
On the one hand, the number of natural hazards seems to be
higher due to the rise of technology that enables men to
detect disasters more frequently. Hazards were less
registered in the past but it does not mean that they were
less numerous...
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Globalisation: its effects on the national
citizenship
...National citizenship is generally regarded as the
original and enduring form of citizenship. Despite new
approaches and theories of citizenship, the nation-state
type is still today the dominant form of citizenship.
Arising from the building of nation-states in the nineteenth
century with the accompanying emphasis on the rights of the
citizens from the French Revolution, citizenship played a
key role in maintaining public order and loyalty to the
state. As Castles points out, “the essence of the
nation-state is the institution of citizenship: the
integration of all the inhabitants of a territory into a
political community, and their political equality as
citizens.” Equally as important is the idea of ‘the
other’. National citizenship was concerned with the
protection of the state and the citizen as the
warrior-citizen. To this end, those who were not citizens
were essentially foreigners or the enemy, those who could
not be trusted or deemed loyal to the state. National
citizenship therefore revolves around these two elements.
The rights given to citizens by the state in return for
their loyalty and preparedness to lay down their life for
their country but also the exclusion of non-citizens. These
factors are very important in the upcoming discussion as the
forces of globalisation are seen by many to undermine both
of these aspects...
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Differences and Similarities of Poverty in
Mexico and the UK
...This paper will attempt to discuss different types of
“poverties” and different perceptions of it. Two different
countries will be compared to form a better understanding of
what poverty means in dissimilar worlds. The concept of
absolute poverty is usually associated with material
possessions, i.e having enough food, clothing and shelter.
From this term those who are considered poor are those who
do not have the basic provisions, these basics form a
poverty line and those who fall below the line are usually
considered as being poor. According to Drewnowski and Scott
(cited in Haralambos 2000), they go beyond the levels of
physical needs and look at other factors such as education,
leisure and recreation. Yet the concept of absolute poverty
can be criticised as it states that there are minimum basic
needs for all societies, Townsend (1970) argues that it
would be difficult to compare societies on needs such as
food and shelter, without taking into factor things such as
leisure activities and occupations. Townsend is a pioneer in
the concept of relative poverty he talks about poverty being
specific to a society and the time; he says that it
transcends a lack of material resources. His work into
poverty in the 1970s led poverty to be highlighted into the
political forefront. He came up with two standards of
poverty, the first of the states definition, in which they
use official statistics, and the amount of income support
that people get, those who fall below the levels of
insufficient housing. He sees it as the government of the
time determine who falls below the poverty line. He also
states that of the relative income standard of poverty, this
households for which fall below the average for households
with the same number of occupants...
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Savanna
...Superficially savanna is regarded as a 'grassland'.
However this general description fails to identify the
diversity of the biome. A number of academics have
categorised savanna into different sub zones. Werger (1983)
defines four formation types.
• Grassland – tree coverage is less than 1% of the surface.
• Savanna – trees coverage spans from 1 – 10 %. In some areas scrub such
as thickets 1 –10%.
• Dense savanna – trees or shrub coverage spans 10 – 50%.
• Savanna woodland – dominant tree layer. Canopy has a coverage that
spans 50–90 %. Some shrubs will appear in undergrowth, there
will be some areas of developed grass.
There are five factors that together determine what form of
savanna is successful at any particular location. These are
climate, edaphic, hydrological and geomorphologic factors,
fire and grazing (Bourliere and Hadley 1992)...
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...Operations management concepts and theories are derived
from the general management theories, like planning,
coordinating, organizing and controlling. The general
management theories are employed to improve the efficiency
of the personnel and that of the organization...
