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History

The Decade of Relations between France and England. Years 1830-1840

...The main concern for France in 1830 was her need to break her isolation and find and ally; since Britain was the most receptive to the new Liberal regime in Paris in 1830 she was the only option. For this reason France backed down to Palmerston frequently during the Belgian crisis of 1830-31. However, the policy of Louis Phillippe, much the same as the Bourbons had done, was to seek to spread French influence beyond her own boundaries. In the 1820's Spain had been the main zone of influence for the French with 100,000 troops intervening in 1823 to quell the revolt troubling Ferdinand VII. Whilst needing to cultivate Britain as an ally France did not want to abandon her position of strength in the peninsula and as I shall continue, once Louis Phillippe had become established, he sought to contest with Britain for influence in Spain as events unfolded.
With the three Eastern Powers already against Britain and becoming increasingly so into the early 1830's, Palmerston and Grey also had to protect themselves against isolation, which in effect meant some form of co-operation with France. However, weak though the French were, Palmerston remained suspicious of them and did not want to be drawn to close (hence the British rejection of defensive alliance proposed by Talleyrand in 1834)...

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How did the emergence of capitalism influence women’s work opportunities in 1780-1900?

...The first point to make is that women’s opportunities did change, the extent of this change may be debated but it is important not to deny the existence of this transformation. First of all one has to admit that opportunities for female workers did change undeniably as industrialisation was an extremely complex process which occurred at different times and to varying degrees of intensity in all the different countries of Europe. Anyway as it is argued by historians such as Le Pay, the change that did occur was that many women got jobs in factories and who is to say that this was an ‘opportunity’. It was done out of necessity and lack of alternative which is not as positive as something one would normally associate with a new opportunity which we assume is something favourable.
Some have argued that the new labour organisation was an incentive for many to marry younger so that beneficial economic partnerships were set up and entry into the workplace could be achieved at an earlier age...

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History of ruling men- in a class divided society. History of men- in a male led society. Deliberate on these statements.

...There are many social and political issues that contribute to Historiography. Before the twentieth century many historians had not yet referred to important social issue such as class and gender. The fact still remains that only a very select few individuals ever had the opportunity to gain higher education, and the few that did were from specific section of society. Consequently the historiography of the time only reflected the opinions of certain minority groups.
“What really matters in the long run is not so much what we write about history today or what others have written about history. The power of unlimited inspiration to successive generations lies in the original sources” (Cobb, 1991)
Historians today are expected to have a vast knowledge of there selected subject matter, they must show the ability to discuss relationships between research and writing but above all else the historian should reflect the ability to reference work clearly and consistently...

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A Changing View of Slavery

...In the United States the seventeenth century society placed people into categories of the economic scale according to how much land one possessed. Slavery was clearly existent in every day life, however it was far less intense then slavery of the nineteenth-century. In Myne Owne Ground, the peaceful coexistence of blacks and whites is described in great detail. Slaves of the seventeenth-century were not treated half as harshly as those of the nineteenth-century. In fact, they were treated quite well and found freedom highly attainable. During this time period, slaves were allowed to purchase their way into a free life if they had the means to pay. Once they had bought themselves free lives, some became very successful landowners and were looked upon as respected members of society. An example of a slave success story would be that of Anthony Johnson of Northampton County. Johnson was a slave who purchased his freedom and built a great life for his family. “During the 1640's the Johnsons acquired a modest estate.” (Breen and Innes, 11). Opportunity was available to slaves of the seventeenth-century that those of the nineteenth-century could have only dreamed of. In Missouri, during the 1800's, the chance of escaping one’s enslaved life were slim to none. People had much different views on the issue then they had in the previous centuries. “Slavery was an institution fundamental to the existence of southern society, a permanent part of the southern way of life.” (McLaurin, 18). Slavery had most definitely emerged into a racist investiture in every way. Slavery was now about being inferior in every way due to the color of one’s skin. There were the few who were fighting to abolish slavery in the South, however Pro-Slavery ideologies consumed most of the southern population. Acts were passed to insure that slavery would not be eliminated and slaves continued to be discriminated against consistently...

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Warfare in Europe between fourteenth and sixteenth century

...The early versions of guns were made in two different ways. The first one was a metal one, gun usually made of bronze produced at foundry. This type of gun was a better one as it was made of a solid piece pf metal and therefore was less likely to burst apart on firing. The second method was arranging wrought iron strips into tubes which were then bound together with iron hoops in much the same way as barrels were made. The advantage of these guns was that iron was a much cheaper metal than bronze (but could not be cast), but being made of many pieces faults were more likely to develop, causing either the release of explosive pressure through the sides of the barrel and therefore a reduction in the power of the shot, or even the complete bursting of the gun. This structural weakness was compounded by the inclusion of a detachable breech (such guns were far easier to build) which often detached itself on the discharging of the weapon. Despite their lack of quality, however, iron guns were the more numerous due to their comparative cheapness, although smaller guns tended to be made chiefly from bronze both because of the difficulties of constructing small guns from iron strips, and because they required less metal than the great bombards. The sizes and types multiplied from their modest beginnings until there were guns ranging in size and type from great bombards used for reducing entire cities, to handguns used as anti-personnel weapons...

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